Monday, October 15, 2012

INNOCENCE OF MUSLIMS film

Innocence of Muslims

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"Innocence of Muslims" [note 1][note 2] is the title attributed to an anti-Islamic video reported to have been written and produced by Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, using the pseudonym of "Sam Bacile".[3][4][note 3] While he initially denied being the controversial figure, records uncovered by the Associated Press and confirmed by American federal authorities established Nakoula as the same person as Sam Bacile.[5][note 4][note 5] Nakoula claimed that he was creating an epic, two hour film, however no such film has been located.[7][note 6] The 14 minute video clips were initially uploaded to YouTube in July 2012, under the titles The Real Life of Muhammad and Muhammad Movie Trailer.[8] Videos dubbed in the Arabic language were uploaded during early September 2012,[9] and were promoted by Morris Sadek by email and on the blog of the National American Coptic Assembly.[10] On September 9, 2012, an excerpt of the YouTube video was broadcast on Al-Nas TV, an Egyptian Islamist television station.[11][12] Demonstrations and violent protests against the film broke out on September 11 in Egypt and Libya, and spread to other Arab and Muslim nations and some western countries. According to U.S. and Libyan officials, an armed attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, on September 11, 2012 that resulted in the death of U.S. Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans, may have been a pre-planned attack unrelated to the videos.[13][14]

According to a consultant on the project, the videos are "trailers" from a full-length film which was shown only once, to an audience of fewer than ten people, at a rented theater in Hollywood, California. Posters advertising the film used the title Innocence of Bn Laden.[15] The film's original working title was Desert Warrior, and it told the story of "tribal battles prompted by the arrival of a comet on Earth."[16] Though the story had no religious references, anti-Islamic content was added in post production by overdubbing, reportedly without the actors' knowledge.[17][note 7] On September 27, 2012, US federal authorities stated Nakoula was arrested in Los Angeles for suspicion of violating terms of his probation.[18] Prosecutors stated that some of the violations included making false statements regarding his role in the film and his use of the alias "Sam Bacile".[19]

The protests have led to hundreds of injuries and more than 50 deaths.[20][21][22] Fatwas have been issued against the video's participants and a Pakistani minister has offered a bounty for the death of Nakoula.[23][24][25][26] The film has sparked debates about freedom of speech and internet censorship.[27]

Contents

 [hide] 

Plot and description

[icon] This section requires expansion. (October 2012)

The video titled "The Real Life of Muhammad", uploaded on July 1, 2012, has a running time of 13:03 in 480p format. The video "Muhammad Movie Trailer", was uploaded on July 2, 2012 with a running time of 13:51 in 1080p format. Both are similar in content. Most references to Islam have been overdubbed, added after the filming over the original spoken lines. Sarah Abdurrahman, a producer for WNYC's On the Media program, watched the trailer and concluded that all of the religious references had indeed been overdubbed after filming.[28] The film's 80 cast and crew members have disavowed the film: "The entire cast and crew are extremely upset and feel taken advantage of by the producer. [...] We are deeply saddened by the tragedies that have occurred."[29]

The script was originally written about life in Egypt 2,000 years ago and was titled Desert Warrior.[30] It was a story about a character called "Master George". Several actors were brought in to overdub lines. They were directed to say specific words, such as "Muhammad."[31] The videos open to portray present-day. Egyptian security forces are depicted doing nothing as a mob of random Muslims characters destroy Egyptian Christian's homes and property.[32] Hiding from the attack, a doctor and his family take shelter in their home where the doctor takes up a pen and begins writing on a whiteboard: "Man + X = BT". "BT" is overdubbed as "Islamic terrorists". The young woman asks what "X" is. He tells her that she needs to discover that for herself. Some scenes depict the main character overdubbed as "Muhammad". In one scene, the character's wife, Khadija, suggests mixing parts of the Torah and the New Testament.[33] In another scene, he is seen speaking to a donkey.[34]

Production

In July 2011, Nakoula started casting actors for Desert Warrior, the working title at that time.[30] The independent film was directed by a person first identified in casting calls[35] as Alan Roberts, whose original cut and filmed dialog and script did not include references to Muhammad or Islam.[36][37] According to the casting.backstage.com announcement, it was to be a "an HD 24P historical Arabian Desert adventure film" with "Sam Bassiel" as producer with shooting to start in August of 2011. The lead was to be "George: male, 20-40, a strong leader, romantic, tyrant, a killer with no remorse, accent"

American non-profit Media for Christ obtained film permits to shoot the movie in August 2011, and Nakoula provided his home as a set and paid the actors, according to government officials and those involved in the production.[38] Company president, Joseph Nassralla Abdelmasih claimed that Media for Christ's name was used without his knowledge. He also stated that film was edited afterwards without Media's involvement.[39] Steve Klein, an anti-Muslim activist, claimed to be the spokesman for the film.[40] Klein told journalist Jeffrey Goldberg that despite previous claims, "Bacile" is not a real person and is neither Israeli nor Jewish and that the name is a pseudonym.[41] Israeli authorities found no sign of him being an Israeli citizen,[42] and there was no indication of a 'Sam Bacile' living in California or participating in Hollywood filmmaking.[43]

By September 13, 2012, "Sam Bacile" was identified as Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, a 55 year old Coptic Christian from Egypt living near Los Angeles, California,[44] with known aliases.[45] In the 1990s, he served time in prison for manufacturing methamphetamine.[44][46] He pleaded no contest in 2010 to bank fraud charges and received 21 months in prison;[44][46] being released on probation in June 2011.[47] Nakoula claims to have written the script while in prison and raised between $50,000 and $60,000 from his wife's family in Egypt to finance the film.[3][44] The FBI contacted him due to the potential for threats, but said he was not under investigation.[48] On September 27, 2012, US federal authorities arrested Nakoula in Los Angeles for suspicion of violating terms of his probation. Violations include - making false statements regarding his role in the film and his use of the alias "Sam Bacile". Following a hearing before a federal judge, Nakoula was ordered to jail without bail [19]

Law professor Stephen L. Carter[49] and constitutional law expert Floyd Abrams[50] have each pointed out that the government cannot prosecute the film's producer for its content because of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects freedom of speech in the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the First Amendment as invalidating government restrictions on blasphemy since 1952[51] and hate speech[52] since the mid-1970s. In March 2011, the Court reiterated its position on hate speech by a 8–1 majority: "As a Nation we have chosen a different course—to protect even hurtful speech on public issues to ensure that we do not stifle public debate."[53]

Screening and internet upload

Vine Theater, Hollywood, California, where the single screening took place

The video production, "Innocence of Bin Laden" was advertised in the Anaheim-based newspaper Arab World during the months of both May and June. The advertisement cost $300 to run three times in the paper and was paid by an individual identified only as "Joseph". The advertisements were noted by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), whose Islamic affairs director stated, "When we saw the advertisement in the paper, we were interested in knowing if it was some kind of pro-jihadist movie." Brian Donnelly, a guide for a Los Angeles based tour of famous crime scenes who noticed the poster advertising at the Vine Theater, said, "I didn't know if it was a good thing or a bad thing. We didn't know what it was about because we can't read Arabic."[54] The earlier version of the film was screened once at the Vine Theater of June 23, 2012 to an audience of only ten people. The film had no subtitles and was presented in English. An employee of the theater stated, "The film we screened was titled The Innocence of Bin Laden," and added that it was a "small viewing."[55]

A second screening was planned for June 30, 2012. A local Hollywood blogger, John Walsh, attended a June 29 Los Angeles City Council meeting where he raised his concerns about the title of a film to be screened which appeared to support the leader of al-Qaeda. He said "There is an alarming event occurring in Hollywood on Saturday. A group has rented the Vine Street theater to show a video entitled Innocence of Bin Laden. We have no idea what this group is." The blog site reported that the June 30 screening had been canceled.[56][57] A Current TV producer photographed the poster while it was being displayed at the theater as advertising to later discuss on the talk show The Young Turks.[58] The poster did not denigrate Muslims, but rather referred to "my Muslim brother". In a translation provided by the ADL, the poster stated it would reveal "the real terrorist who caused the killing of our children In Palestine, and our brothers in Iraq and Afghanistan."[59], a phrase that has been used by Palestinians to protest US support of Israel [60]

Movie poster for Innocence of Bn Laden at the Vine Theater, June 2012.

The film was supported and promoted by pastor Terry Jones, known for a Quran-burning controversy which also led to riots around the world.[61] Jones said that he planned to show a 13-minute trailer at his church, the Dove World Outreach Center in Gainesville, Florida, on September 11, 2012.[62] It was reported on September 14, 2012, that a planned screening by a Hindu organization in Toronto will be coupled with "snippets from other movies that are offensive to Christians and Hindus." Because of security concerns no public venue has been willing to show the film; the group still plans on showing the film in the future to a private audience of about 200 people.[63][64] Siobhán Dowling of the The Guardian reported that "a far-right Islamophobic group in Germany", the Pro Germany Citizens' Movement, has uploaded the trailer on their own website and wants to show the entire film, but authorities are attempting to prevent it.[65]

Blocking of the YouTube video

Further information: Censorship of YouTube

The video clips were posted on YouTube on July 1 by user "sam bacile",[8] however by September, the film had been dubbed into Arabic and drew the attention of the Arabic-speaking world by blogger Morris Sadek. Sadek's own Egyptian citizenship had been revoked.[66][67] A two-minute excerpt dubbed in Arabic was broadcast on September 9 by Sheikh Khalad Abdalla[11][68] on Al-Nas, an Egyptian television station.[69]

YouTube voluntarily blocked the video in Egypt and Libya and blocked the video in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, India and Singapore due to local laws while Turkey, Brazil and Russia have initiated steps to get the video blocked.[70][71][72][73][74] Google, Inc., owner of YouTube also blocked the video in Pakistan and Egypt citing "the very difficult situation" in those countries.[75] In September 2012 the Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sudan and Pakistani governments blocked YouTube for not removing the video, the website will remain suspended until the film is removed.[76][77][78] Government authorities in Chechnya and Daghestan have issued orders to internet providers to block YouTube and Iran has announced that it is blocking Google and Gmail.[79][80][81] Google has also agreed to block the anti Islam movie in Jordan.[78]

The Obama administration asked YouTube to review whether to continue hosting the video at all under the company's policies. YouTube said the video fell within its guidelines as the video is against Islam, but not against Muslim people, and thus not considered "hate speech".[71]

Reactions

Further information: Reactions to Innocence of Muslims

In addition to the attacks on diplomatic missions, there have been protests in many nations, through Islamic countries in the Middle East,[82][83] Asia,[84][85] and Africa[84] as well as the United Kingdom,[84][86] France,[87] Netherlands[88] and Australia.[89][90]

See also

Portal icon Film portal
Portal icon Islam portal

Notes

  1. ^ The title used here is not an actual film production known to exist, or any official trailer or clip released by the confirmed production company. The title given has become the common name referenced by media outlets after interviews by several figures surrounding this subject to describe the overdubbed clips uploaded to YouTube. Lucas Kavner of the Huffington Post reports: "What we know about Bacile and his film comes solely from his own mouth." In the report, Amy Lemisch (Director of the California Film Commission) stated to The Huffington Post: "[N]o permits were given to anyone by the name of "Sam Bacile," nor to any project with the title of Muslim Innocence or The Innocence of Muslims." she also stated "We went to our internal database field... and we searched under 'innocence' or 'Muslims,' and we did not issue a permit for it."[1]
  2. ^ On Thursday, September 20, 2012, FilmLA released a redacted version of the LA County film permit. The title given was "Desert Warriors" and named Media for Christ as the production company. The one-day permit had a cost of $1,195 and allowed for location shooting at Blue Cloud Ranch with a crew of 20 and a similar amount of cast members. No names were shown. The permit allowed live animals, torches and burning barrels to simulate a structural fire.[2]
  3. ^ According to the Wall Street Journal, "a man identifying himself as Sam Bacile, a real-estate developer in California who was 52 years old, said he had made the film."
  4. ^ AP reports: a "California Coptic Christian convicted of financial crimes" had admitted to being the film maker. In the interview, Nakoula Basseley Nakoula stated that he was the 55 year old company manager that made the film. The AP claims that "Nakoula denied he had posed as Bacile. During a conversation outside his home, he offered his driver's license to show his identity but kept his thumb over his middle name, Basseley. Records checks by the AP subsequently found it and other connections to the Bacile persona."
  5. ^ In a correction made by the Associated Press, dated Sept. 14, 2012 .,[6] the news organization states that a Federal Law Inforcement Agent has confirmed that court documents filed in 2010 against Nakoula show numerous, similar aliases.
  6. ^ Marium Mohiuddin with the Muslim Public Affairs Council, an organization that helps advise Hollywood film makers on Islamic portrayals, told the Hollywood Reporter: "The movie doesn't exist." "We've been looking hard for a full movie, and we haven't found anything."
  7. ^ ..."In the script and during the shooting, nothing indicated the controversial nature of the final product. Muhammed wasn't even called Muhammed; he was "Master George," Garcia said. The words Muhammed were dubbed over in post-production, as were essentially all other offensive references to Islam and Muhammed."

References

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  28. ^ On the Media Why Are All the Religious References in "Innocence of Muslims" Dubbed?
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  35. ^ DW casting.backstage.com Productions is casting Desert Warrior
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  77. ^ Rory Mulholland, Fresh protests as prophet cartoons fuel Muslim fury, AFP.
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  83. ^ "Anti-American Protests Over Film Expand to More Than a Dozen Countries". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/world/middleeast/anti-american-protests-over-film-enter-4th-day.html?_r=1&hp&pagewanted=all. Retrieved September 14, 2012. 
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  85. ^ Hundreds of angry Afghans protest anti-Islam film in eastern Afghanistan – The Washington Post[dead link]
  86. ^ Video: Protesters burn flags outside U.S. embassy in London – Telegraph
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  90. ^ "Police gas Sydney protesters". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/police-gas-sydney-protesters-20120915-25yrb.html. Retrieved September 15, 2012. 

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