Thursday, October 10, 2019

Download your applications yourself!

It is very tempting to collect apps from other people's phones (via
Bluetoooth, Xender, Flash Share,etc) than "waste money and battery
life" downloading the apps yourself from your phone's app store.
However, it is not a good idea because it can damage your phone.
Here's why.

* Do you know where your friend downloaded the app from? Apps
downloaded from other sources apart from your phone's built-in app
store (e.g. Google Play Store , for Android phones) may be
incompatible with your device or may even be rogue apps that may
infect your device.
* Even if the app is downloaded from a phone of the same brand as
yours (and is therefore compatible with your phone), you will have to
"allow installation of apps from unknown sources" before you can
install the app , since you didn't download it from your own phone's
app store. As time goes on, malware will appear in your phone's File
Manager as faded-icon files and folders. If you delete them, they will
soon reappear. They will later prevent your phone's Bluetooth from
functioning, SIM switching will take forever, text messages will not
be sent/received, etc.

THE WAY OUT

Deleting the bad apps from File Manager won't solve the problem. Copy
your photos, videos and other clean files you need into your memory
card and then remove the memory card and SIM card(s) from the phone.
Then take the phone to your phone manufacturer's repair office (e.g.
Carlcare for a Tecno phone) for flashing. Carlcare flashes (or
formats) Tecno phones free of charge. Flashing will preserve only
your phone's built-in (or system) apps and wipe out everything else.
Thereafter, the phone will start functioning normally.

You can now download and install any other app you need from your app
store. For optimum browsing speed, avoid downloading an app that has a
good substitute among the system apps . Use Google Play Protect (via
Google Play Store or any other Google app) to scan your Android phone
for malware 24/7. You don't need any other antivirus app.

In conclusion, you may collect pictures , videos, documents and other
files which need no installation from other people's phones but not
apps (that you will need to install on your phone).

Monday, July 22, 2019

The roles of parents, teachers and students in education.



A Yoruba proverb says, " One person gives birth, but everybody minds the child"(Ẹnìkan ní í bímọ ;gbogbo ayé ní í bá a wò ó). Note that the proverb does not say "everybody else". "Everybody" here includes the parents, teachers, relatives, neighbours, pastors, etc and even the child himself or herself. Teachers, parents and students all have their roles to play in the educational development of students. 

THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER.

🔯 Have a thorough knowledge of the subject and prepare for your lessons adequately. 
🔯 Go for your lessons without waiting to be reminded by the students. Set alarms on your phone for your lessons ,if need be. Even at the university level, each lecturer is already waiting at the door about 10 minutes to the end of the previous lecture. 
🔯 Write the notes yourself on the chalkboard. If you hand over your lesson note to a student to copy it on the chalkboard, when will he/she write his/her own notes? The student will also see your senior colleagues' correction of your lesson notes in red biro and start disrespecting you. 
🔯 Explain the subject matter, answer the students' questions, ask them questions, give them written exercises and mark the exercises yourself.
🔯 Set, mark and record test and exam questions accurately.
🔯 Recommend good textbooks for the students.
  
 THE ROLE OF THE PARENT. 

Another Yoruba proverb says, " The owner of a load carries the heavier part" (Ẹlẹ́rù ní í gbé e níbi tó ti wúwo). 
🔯 Do not have more children than you can adequately feed, clothe, shelter and educate. Even God did family planning back in Eden. Even with His limitless resources, He created only 2 people, who produced today's 8 billion people worldwide. 
🔯 Choose a school whose fees you can afford and pay your children's school fees on time. No teacher will toy with his or her salary by begging the proprietor to let your child stay in school. Your child cannot be academically sound if he spends more days outside the school than within. He can also fall into bad company while loitering the streets. 
🔯 Similarly, choose a nearby school for your child. Why should your child spend hours in transit and fall asleep on getting to school? There is always a vacancy for students in every school!
🔯 Buy good textbooks for your children.
🔯 Ensure that your child does his or her homework every day before doing anything else. No teacher can go round the homes of all his students to do this. Neither can he afford to waste 20 minutes out of a 45-minute period waiting for a child who is just reading yesterday's notes and studying the examples before doing yesterday's homework. He will have to leave your child behind after marking his mates' work to do the corrections and begin today's work. Don't come to school to complain over this. Do YOUR job.
🔯 You are your child's primary moral educator, though teachers and pastors may assist you here. The parent:child ratio is always more favourable than the teacher:student and pastor:member ratios. Besides, most children rebel against outsiders' discipline unless it is reinforced by their own parents. Teachers and pastors will come and go, your children will progress from one level of education to the next but you will always be their parent. They also bear YOUR surname. You are their first and only permanent educator. Give them HOME training. 

Do the above duties and watch your child perform excellently in any school he or she attends. The "best" school won't be of help if you fail to do your duties. Even "Heaven helps only those who help themselves".

 THE ROLE OF THE STUDENT.
Yet another Yorùbá proverb says, "Only a child with outstretched arms can be lifted up by even his mother" (ọmọ tó bá ṣí'pá nìyá ẹ̀ ń gbé). 
After your parents and teachers have done their duties, you have to help yourself before Heaven can help you. Nobody can read your books for you or legitimately write your examinations for you. 
🔯 Come to school on time and don't absent yourself from classes.
🔯 Do your homework first on getting home, before doing anything else.
🔯 Remind your parents to pay your school fees, especially when they are planning to buy expensive cloths, organise big parties,etc.
🔯 As an above-average student, you are likely to finish writing your notes and doing your classwork earlier than the others. Use the waiting period to study your textbooks and do the homework you have been given earlier in other subjects, instead of disrupting the class out of boredom. The teacher has to carry everybody along.
🔯 If you are below average, make friends with your brighter colleagues and learn from them. Also, spend extra time at home reading your books (including those of lower classes) to regain lost grounds, especially at weekends and during holidays. Don't expect your teachers to fully teach you a lower grade's work. 
🔯 Never depend on examination malpractice. You may be disappointed at the last minute by your "helpers" due to strict supervision. Even if you successfully cheat your way through school, who will help you do your job (especially as a teacher)? Will you be able to give your children extra lessons or have to hire exam "helpers" for them later in life? Exam "helpers" are actually helping you to cheat yourself.

💎 By the way, a mercenary (or soldier of fortune) is "a soldier who will fight for any country or group that offers payment", not a person who helps a student to cheat in an exam.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

"Idà ahun" by Bísí Adéṣígbìn.



In Yoruba land ,a late king's wife who leaves the palace before the new king's arrival remains an "olorì" (queen) all her life , while a wife who waits to be inherited by the new king is called an "ìyáàfin ". The new king's wife (married by himself and not inherited) is also an "olorì". "ìyáàfin "≠Mrs.

A Yoruba proverb says "Idà ahun la fi í p'ahun" ( "the sword of the tortoise is used to kill him"). "Idà ahun" has a plot that is strikingly similar to that of the Bible book of Esther. 

The king of Ọ̀jẹ́tẹ̀dó has 8 queens (olorì) and 3 inherited wives (ìyáàfin ). The king , Arékèémáṣe ( the Ọlọ́jẹ̀ of Ọ̀jẹ́tẹ̀dó ), is celebrating the 10th anniversary of his coronation. Surrounding kings come because he is a good king, unlike his predecessor. Each queen (inherited or not) makes her own feast but Jókòótọlá (the favourite) outshines them all. 

Later on , all the other queens sit with the king while Jókòótọlá is nowhere to be found. Like Vashti in the Bible, Jókòótọlá refuses to come out when sent for 3 times. The council of chiefs decides to downgrade her to the oldest queen's slave and choose a new favourite queen. 

The Ifa oracle does not choose any of the other queens as the new favourite but says a poor woman from another town would be the right favourite. Oyíndàmọ́lá, a poor honey seller's daughter from Ògún-Olówu, becomes the new favourite queen. She is a complete orphan adopted and reared up by her uncle, Oyínmáyọ̀wá, after his wife died childless. Oyíndàmọ́lá is both beautiful and humble, kneeling down to greet even the servants, let alone fellow queens and the chiefs. 

Fáṣílọ, the oldest queen, is happy and feels loved when Jókòótọlá is made her slave. The other queens , especially Òrìṣádájọ́ (the second-to-be-married queen), are unhappy and jealous of Oyíndàmọ́lá. While the other queens eventually resign to fate, Òrìṣádájọ́ resents the king and even Fáṣílọ (who she sees as part of the plot because she inherits Jókòótọlá). Òrìṣádájọ́ plots with Jókòótọlá and the chief cook to poison the duo at a feast Òrìṣádájọ́ would organise to "avert danger from the king". Jókòótọlá hopes to be the new king's favourite after the deaths of Arékèémáṣe and Fáṣílọ. 

 The chief cook serves the king and the queens their food. The king asks her to call a servant and starts eating before she leaves. The 3 conspirators meet and dance happily. 

The following day, the king and Fáṣílọ wake up unharmed. The 3 crooks go to their herbalist in anger. Unknown to them, Oyínmáyọ̀wá's servants have eavesdropped on the trio's conversation in the bush while looking for bees and told Oyínmáyọ̀wá, who then tells the king of the plot before the day of the feast. The king and Fáṣílọ have fed the chief cook's food to their goats and are eating something else when the chief cook returned. Both goats die. 

 

The king calls the townspeople together, promotes the chief guard and orders the execution of the 3 crooks. The chief guard is sorry for Òrìṣádájọ́, as if he has a secret relationship with her. The king makes him his confIdànt and spy, next to Oyíndàmọ́lá in importance. 

Soon, smallpox breaks out in the town and sacrifices seem to increase the outbreak. The herbalist invited by the chief guard tells the king to prohibit the sale and use of honey in Ọ̀jẹ́tẹ̀dó and its subordinate towns. Remember that Oyíndàmọ́lá's uncle sells honey. The smallpox outbreak goes down but not out. Oyíndàmọ́lá's uncle and the entire family lose their means of livelihood to this new law. Oyíndàmọ́lá gives her uncle feeding money, but what of his apprentices? The chief guard's spies catches those secretly selling honey and throws them into jail to await their execution. Oyínmáyọ̀wá sends for his niece, the favourite queen, and asks her to plead with the king to cancel the law. He suspects that the smallpox outbreak is stagemanaged to justify the ban on their family profession. Oyíndàmọ́lá asks her uncle and her hometown's king to ask their herbalist to confirm the plot and pray for her success in talking to the king about the matter. The herbalist confirms the law is a trick and makes the necessary sacrifices. Oyínmáyọ̀wá duly informs Oyíndàmọ́lá.

Oyíndàmọ́lá first calls 3 chiefs ( Balógun, Ọ̀tún and Ìyálóde). She tactly begs them to convince the king to find out from his personal herbalist why the smallpox outbreak is yet to FULLY go away despite obeying the chief guard's herbalist by banning the sale of honey. They agree. 

The king dreams that he has smallpox and is cured when rubbed with honey. The chief guard discards the dream as meaningless and suggests calling that herbalist of his for clarification. Then the 3 chiefs Oyíndàmọ́lá talked with enter. The king agrees with them and sends for Famukomi, a herbalist from Kajola, who recommends the use of honey. Arékèémáṣe secretly calls Oyínmáyọ̀wá to supply the honey. Oyínmáyọ̀wá and his servants are caught and jailed by the chief guard's spies while returning from the assignment.

The king sends honey syrup secretly to all smallpox victims through the Ìyálóde and they are all cured the next day. The king asks for Oyínmáyọ̀wá but can't find him until one of the chief guard's servants feeding Oyínmáyọ̀wá squeals to Queen Oyíndàmọ́lá.

After knowing about Oyínmáyọ̀wá's imprisonment, the king tells the chief guard to suggest one person to honour as "Olú-ọmọ" of Ọ̀jẹ́tẹ̀dó and one person to punish for misleading the king at the next day's ceremony. He suggests himself as "Olú-ọmọ" and Oyínmáyọ̀wá as the person to be beheaded as a lesson to the other honey-sellers. The king accepts his self-nomination but pleads for Oyínmáyọ̀wá's punishment to be reduced to 20 years' imprisonment (and 10 years for the other caught honey-sellers), and tells him to prepare for the D-day.


Oyíndàmọ́lá is frightened when the king tells her to wait longer for Oyínmáyọ̀wá's release and she hears about the chief guard's preparation for his promotion. Despite her disappointment, Oyíndàmọ́lá walks in with the king on the D-day (unlike Jókòótọlá who refused to come for no reason). The chief guard, his fiancee and their friends wear uniform clothes. 

To the surprise of the townspeople (including Queen Oyíndàmọ́lá), Oyínmáyọ̀wá is made "Olú-ọmọ". The chief guard's favourite servants reveal how he imported smallpox into the town and instigated his herbalist to ban honey selling. The fake herbalist confirms the story. The chief guard keeps quiet. The chief guard's servants are spared because they can't have refused his orders while he and his fake herbalist are executed.

Tuesday, April 09, 2019

"Joys of motherhood" by Buchi Emecheta.

This novel centres on Nnu Ego, an Igbo woman from Ibuza , Delta State, Nigeria. She is the daughter of Chief Nwokocha Agbadi and his mistress Ona. The night she is conceived, Agbadi's first wife (Agunwa) dies of shock because of Ona's loud moans. A slavewoman who is buried with Agunwa promises to come back as Agbadi's daughter. Nnu Ego ("20 bags of cowries")  is as light-skinned as the slave.

Nnu Ego marries Amatokwu as a virgin  but has no child for him. Amatokwu takes another wife who bears children. Eventually, the marriage crumbles and Nnu Ego returns to her father's house.

She later marries Nnaife Owulum by proxy and goes to him in Lagos. When her first son (Ngozi)  dies , she attempts to jump into the lagoon but is restrained. She later bears a son Oshiaju ("the bush has rejected this") and 8 other children (out of which 2 die). Along the line , Nnaife has children by his late brother's wives, Adaku and Adankwo. He also marries 16-year-old Okpo. Nnaife has 12 children in all -  7 from Nnu Ego, 2 from Adaku, 1 from Adankwo and 2 from Okpo.

Nnaife expects Oshiaju to stop schooling after excelling in his Cambridge Certificate exams and take over the family responsibilities from him but Oshiaju gets a scholarship to further his education in the United States.  Later on, Nnu Ego's daughter  Kehinde wants to marry a Yoruba man (Ladipo) against Nnaife's wishes. Nnaife matchets Ladipo's relatives and is jailed for a while. Nnu Ego later dies on a road, neglected by her children who later organise an expensive burial.

The novel is a satire which bears out the Yoruba proverb " Having too many children brings much poverty and sorrow".

"Silas Marner" by George Eliot.

George Eliot is the pseudonym that Mary Ann Evans uses when writing
novels. Therefore the pronoun "her" is used for George Eliot.

THE NOVEL'S PLOT.

Silas Marner is a weaver and a member of a small religious community
in Lantern Yard. One day, the church deacon falls ill and members take
turns waiting on him at night. When it is Silas' turn, the deacon
dies and William Dane (Silas' best friend) slips in and steals money
while Silas is lost in thought. William makes everyone believe Silas
is the thief. Silas is disfellowshipped and he moves to Raveloe. His
fiancee, Sarah, marries the false friend a month later.

Silas has lost faith in God and becomes a hermit in Raveloe. He weaves
on Sundays and hoards his money. One day, the local nobleman's second
son, Dunstan Cass, steals his 5 guineas. Silas becomes very miserable
indeed.

Squire Cass's wife is dead and he frequents beer parlours so his sons
(Godfrey and Dunstan) become wayward.Dunstan's evil influence makes
Godfrey to marry a low-class woman, Molly Farren. Molly has a child
for him. Godfrey later falls in love with Nancy Lammeter and bribes
Dunstan to keep his previous marriage secret.

One day, Molly decides to show up at Squire Cass's New Year party and
introduce herself (to punish him for abandoning her). Due to the cold
and her being a drug addict, she dies in the snow on the way, near
Silas' cottage, and her 2-year-old daughter crawls into the cottage.

Silas adopts the child , names her Eppie (after his late sister
Hephzibah) and starts going to church. Godfrey feels relieved at
Molly's death and marries Nancy without telling her about the child.
"There was no danger that his dead wife would be recognized...and as
for the registry of their marriage, that was a long way off, buried in
unturned pages" (chapter 13). The only other person in the know,
Dunstan, hasn't returned home after stealing Silas' money. However,
Godfrey and Nancy remain childless for many years, having only a
stillborn baby. Godfrey suggests to Nancy that they adopt Eppie from
Silas (without revealing she is his daughter) , but Nancy is against
ALL adoption.

Eppie grows up into a charming 18-year-old . She knows no father but
Silas and she serves to bring the former recluse into contact with his
neighbours.

Then, Dunstan's skeleton is seen at the bottom of a pond near Silas'
house. He has Silas' bag of money in one hand and Godfrey's whip in
the other. Godfrey is forced to reveal his past and he and Nancy go to
Silas to claim Eppie. However, Eppie refuses to leave Silas, the only
father she knows. Godfrey and Nancy return home dejected.

Silas and Eppie visit Lantern Yard, hoping that the truth of the
robbery allegation would have emerged, but the town has been razed to
the ground. They return to Raveloe, their permanent home henceforth.
Eppie marries Aaron Winthrop, an honest and diligent son of a
neighbour, and they live with Silas in complete happiness.

Number riddle

RIDDLE

There are 5 positive whole numbers. The first is the square of the
second. The sum of the 2nd and the 3rd is 10. The 4th is greater than
the 2nd by 1. The sum of the 3rd and the 5th is 14. The sum of all the
numbers is 30. Find the values of the numbers.

SOLUTION

Represent the 5 numbers by any 5 letters of the alphabet you fancy. I
am using a, b, c, d and e for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th numbers
respectively.

From the statements in the question,

a = b² ................ (1)
b + c = 10 ................(2)
d = b + 1 ................(3)
c + e = 14 ................(4)
a + b + c + d + e = 30................(5).

* Express any 4 of the unknowns in terms of the 5th unknown in
equations (1) to (4).

a = b² (equation 1).
c = 10 - b (from equation 2).
d = b + 1 (equation 3).
e = 14 - c (from equation 4) = 14 - (10 - b) (from equation 2) = 14
- 10 + b = b + 4.

* Substitute these values into equation 5.

a + b + c + d + e = 30.

b² + b + (10 - b) + (b + 1) + (b + 4) = 30.

b² + 2b + 15 = 30.

b² + 2b + 15 - 30 = 0.

b² + 2b - 15 = 0.

(b + 5) (b - 3) = 0.

Either b + 5 = 0 or b - 3 = 0.

b + 5 = 0 ➡ b = - 5.

b - 3 = 0 ➡ b = 3.

Therefore, b = 3 (positive number).

Hence, a = b² = 3² = 9 ;
c = 10 - b = 10 - 3 = 7;
d = b + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4;
e = b + 4 = 3 + 4 = 7.

Therefore, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th numbers are 9, 3, 7, 4 and
7 respectively.

NOTE: * If you express the other unknowns in terms of a, substitution
of the values will lead you to an equation involving surds which you
can manipulate into a quadratic equation (by isolating the surd on one
side of the equation and then squaring both sides of the equation).
You will get 2 values of a (a = 9 or a = 25). Use the smaller value of
a , or your
a + b + c + d + e will be greater than 30 (violating equation 5).

Saturday, April 06, 2019

"The Concubine" by Elechi Amadi.

The novel is set in the Igbo villages of Omokachi, Omigwe, Aliji and Chiolu.

Madume (in his early 30s) is annoyed that his only wife bore him 4 daughters without a son, despite the bride price he would collect on them. The thought of his brother's sons inheriting his houses and lands contributes to his laziness. In addition, he is greedy and never satisfied with his share in anything good. Hence, he is always quarreling over land, trees, etc with his neighbours (including Emenike). Madume also hates Emenike for being more popular than him and for Ihuoma's choosing Emenike over him.

Emenike and Madume quarrel over a piece of land and many of their fellow villagers speak in favour of Emenike. Madume waylays Emenike in the forest and wins the fight after dashing his side against the jagged stump of a tree. Anyika, the Omokachi village medicine man, is called to treat him. Nwokekoro is the priest of Amadioha (the god of thunder and of the skies). Ojukwu is the god of smallpox.

Ihuoma has had 3 children by age 22 after 6 years of marriage to Emenike. She is beautiful, sympathetic and reserved. She is able to bear a neighbour's stinging remarks without a repartee and earns the reputation of a peacemaker among fighting women. She is from  Omigwe, a neighbouring village. Emenike recovers from the fight but dies shortly afterwards of  "lock-chest". Many people link his death with his fight with Madume which had considerably weakened his resistance to any disease. Ihuoma wears the customary sackcloth for one year before the second burial ends her mourning period.

With Emenike out of the way and his brother Nnadi being "too reserved to make trouble", Madume plans to extend his boundary with Emenike indefinitely and take over Ihuoma. One day, he  tries to help Ihuoma put down a pot of water from her head against her wishes.  He hurts his right toe against a half-buried old hoe in her compound. Anyika holds some spirits from the sea and Emenike's father's spirit responsible and warns Madume to keep off Ihuoma and her compound. While Madume is  harvesting  plantains from the disputed land one day, a cobra spits into his eyes and he goes blind. He later commits suicide and is thrown into Minita, the evil forest.

Ekwueme is 2 years older than Ihuoma and interested in marrying her. Ihuoma rejects his proposal because of his engagement to Ahurole (her village girl) since childhood. Ihuoma's father is even "distantly related to Wagbara", Ahurole's father (page 193). Ahurole is 5 years younger than Ekwueme. Though otherwise intelligent and dutiful, Ahurole is prone to weeping over trivial matters. This weakness of hers stresses her marriage with Ekwueme and makes him long for Ihuoma and seek her company frequently (though on a platonic basis). Ahurole gets jealous and feeds him with a love potion which runs him mad. She runs away out of shame.  

Ekwueme insists on Ihuoma's presence beside him  before bathing and taking his medicines. When he gets well, his parents permit him to marry Ihuoma. Anyika says (after consulting the oracle), "Ihuoma is the favourite wife of the Sea-King in the spirit world before being incarnated as a human being. Her spirit husband eliminated both Emenike and Madume. The sea-king can be appeased to let her be someone's concubine (but never a wife) until she lives out her normal earthly span and returns to him".

Anyika says there is no way Ekwueme can safely marry Ihuoma but Agwoturumbe , a "dibia"(or medicine man) from Aliji, thinks he can bind the sea-king. The requisites for the sacrifice include a brightly-coloured male lizard. The sacrifice is to be done in the middle of a river at midnight.

After overcoming his fears about the midnight sacrifice , Ekwueme teaches Nwonna (Ihuoma's son) and his friends to shoot arrows along the wall so that the wall will direct their arrows to the lizards. After one of his friends has caught a lizard, Nwonna tries to kill another one by himself and for his own use. That is when Ekwueme steps out of his room and is hit by an arrow in his belly. He dies before even going for the midnight sacrifice.

Ihuoma can only be a concubine.

Thursday, March 21, 2019

"Weep not, child" by Ngugi Wa Thiong'o.

This novel is about the white domination of the blacks in Kenya, with particular reference to the sufferings of Ngotho and his family. He has 5 sons from two wives : Boro, Kori and Kamau from his first wife, Njeri ; and Njoroge and Mwangi from his second wife, Nyokabi. The whites seize the blacks' best lands and the land of Ngotho's fathers is taken by Mr Howland and Jacobo, Ngotho's neighbours. While Mr Howland is a white, Jacobo is a black traitor. 

Blacks are often conscripted to fight in European wars. One of these wars claims Mwangi and Howland's son Peter. Ngotho works as Mr Howland's labourer on his own land. Oppressed blacks form the Mau Mau nationalist movement. Jacobo is killed for betraying black people and the police arrest and torture members of Ngotho's family as suspects. Njoroge is arrested from school. Ngotho is released soon after but he later dies at home. Later, Boro goes to Mr Howland's home, kills him and is arrested. Kamau and Kori are in detention. 

Njoroge is depressed by the fall of his family and goes into the bush to hang himself. However, he is prevented from doing so by Nyokabi's timely arrival and goes back home with her.

"Sizwe Bansi is Dead" by Athol Fugard.

This play is set in apartheid South Africa. 

At the beginning of the play, Styles (a photographer) is reading a newspaper in his studio. From his own mouth, we learn that he formerly works with Ford Motors. He later leaves the job (which he considers unprofitable) and opts for photography (his childhood hobby). 

Then Sizwe Bansi enters the studio to take a snap. He tells his own story: 

Sizwe has left his home , King William's Town, to seek employment in Port Elizabeth. A week after staying with his friend Zola, he is discovered to be an illegal immigrant and ordered to leave. Sizwe moves in with Zola's friend Buntu. 

Buntu and Sizwe are returning from a beer parlor one night when they find a corpse on the street. The dead man is Robert Zwelinzima who, unlike Sizwe, has a workseeker's permit. Buntu advises Sizwe to take up the dead man's identity but he refuses, saying, "I don't want to lose my name. What about my wife,Nowetu? Her loving husband, Sizwe Bansi, is dead! And my children! ... They're registered at school under Bansi" (page 37). 

Buntu lists the advantages: employment opportunity, regular pay, improved living standards and freedom to reside without police harassment. Sizwe eventually succumbs. He exchanges the pictures in his and Robert's passbooks. He then burns his own passbook and takes Robert's passbook and name.

So when he first enters Style's studio, he introduces himself as Robert Zwelinzima.

"Sizwe Bansi is Dead" by Athol Fugard.

This play is set in apartheid South Africa. 

At the beginning of the play, Styles (a photographer) is reading a newspaper in his studio. From his own mouth, we learn that he formerly works with Ford Motors. He later leaves the job (which he considers unprofitable) and opts for photography (his childhood hobby). 

Then Sizwe Bansi enters the studio to take a snap. He tells his own story: 

Sizwe has left his home , King William's Town, to seek employment in Port Elizabeth. A week after staying with his friend Zola, he is discovered to be an illegal immigrant and ordered to leave. Sizwe moves in with Zola's friend Buntu. 

Buntu and Sizwe are returning from a beer parlor one night when they find a corpse on the street. The dead man is Robert Zwelinzima who, unlike Sizwe, has a workseeker's permit. Buntu advises Sizwe to take up the dead man's identity but he refuses, saying, "I don't want to lose my name. What about my wife,Nowetu? Her loving husband, Sizwe Bansi, is dead! And my children! ... They're registered at school under Bansi" (page 37). 

Buntu lists the advantages: employment opportunity, regular pay, improved living standards and freedom to reside without police harassment. Sizwe eventually succumbs. He exchanges the pictures in his and Robert's passbooks. He then burns his own passbook and takes Robert's passbook and name.

So when he first enters Style's studio, he introduces himself as Robert Zwelinzima.

"The Black Temple" by Mohmed Tukur Garba.

Mansir (a native of Kofir in Kano State, Nigeria) is a poor man whose father works as a gardener for a rich family. One day, his employer's spoilt sons ask him to pluck fruits for them against their father's wishes. When Mansir's father refuses, one of them (Daudu) throws a stone at him, blinding him. The owner of the garden throws out Mansir and his sister after their father's death. The sister becomes a prostitute in Kano city.

Mansir later leaves for Lagos in search of greener pastures with one Ibiang. Ibiang introduces him into a secret society, "The Black Temple" (camouflaged as "The Amoto People's Church" during the day). The cult- cum-church is headed by "The Father" and participates in smuggling and human sacrifice. 

Mansir returns to Kofir 2 years later, wealthy. To settle an old score, he takes Daudu with him to Lagos, stabs him to death and brings his heart and blood to the Black Temple. Ibiang,too, donates his niece who lives with him. The police find Daudu's body in the street and begin investigations but their chief (Biodun) is uncooperative. 

After some time, Mansir becomes tired of the Black Temple and decides to quit. However," The Father" says he must return all he acquired after joining the society, including his wife and son. Out of desperation, Mansir goes to the church and shoots "The Father" on the pulpit. He has earlier contacted the police, who later swoop in to search the church. They find stolen goods and the list of the names of the members. Among the names are "Chief Biodun, Linivia Island Police" and some other influential persons. When Inspector Nur phones Chief Biodun to tell him,he decides to shoot himself to prevent being caught alive. The policemen bomb the building used by the Black Temple. 

Inspector Nur commends Mansir for his efforts but says he'll have to spend 3 years in prison. At least, that is better than death, which is the fate of a murderer. He also has a restaurant to return to.

Tuesday, March 19, 2019

"The Lonely Londoners" by Samuel Savlon.

"The Lonely Londoners" is about the experiences of some West Indians
who have left their homeland for London in search of greener pastures.

The central character, Moses Aloeta, is an experienced immigrant who
helps newer immigrants (including Henry Oliver) to settle down.

However, the new immigrants face problems like inclement weather,
racial discrimination, unemployment and accomodation problems. Their
people back home are desperate to go to London, yet the ones already
there are suffering. The boys are uncomfortable in London but cannot
return home because there is nothing to show for their stay.

Monday, March 18, 2019

"Lord of the Flies" by William Golding.

The novel is about the adventures of a group of English children left alone (or marooned) on a tropical island. They degenerate into savages, due to lack of adult supervision. 

The boys have been evacuated from a war zone and dropped by plane. They choose 12-year-old Ralph as their leader. Of course, there are much younger boys in the group. Things go well for some time. Then troubles start. 

One day, the boys are making a fire on the mountain so that any ship coming near the island will notice and rescue them. The fire spreads beyond their power and kills one of them.

The boys kill pigs on the island for food. Sometimes they see beasts (real or imagined). The younger boys (or "littluns") once talk about a beast from water and the "biguns" allay their fears. Then, a dead airman dropped by parachute to the island is mistaken for a beast with wings. 

Later, Jack Merridew becomes rebellious against Ralph and the group splits into factions. Ralph's factions contains Ralph, Piggy, Sam and Eric. The other boys support Jack. 

One day, Jack's group attack by night and take Piggy's eyeglasses. Piggy has to be led. When Ralph's group go in search of the specs and leave Piggy behind,he is killed by Jack's group. Simon (in Jack's faction) has earlier died. Ralph escapes but the twins (Sam and Eric) are captured. 

Ralph is now alone,feels lonely and makes attempt to reconcile with the others. Jack's group hunt Ralph the following day and Jack dies in the battle. 

Just then, a naval officer comes with a ship to rescue them. All the boys weep over the deaths of their 4 colleagues - the burnt boy, Simon, Piggy and Jack.

Monday, March 04, 2019

"An African Night's Entertainment" by Cyprian Ekwensi.


The novel highlights how the quest for vengeance often leads one into greater problems. Vengeance is best left to God. Also, we should try and submit to God's will. 

Mallam Shehu is the richest man of his time in Galma but he is childless after 35 years of marriage with 3 wives. He is unhappy about this and always asks Allah for just any child. 

One night, Mallam Shehu dreams that he saw a horse he liked at the market. However, the seller told him someone had already bought it for 3 pounds. Mallam Shehu offered the seller 3 pounds 10 shillings to get the horse, to the annoyance of the first buyer. The horse had a foal and Shehu loved both of them. When the foal became rideable and Mallam Shehu rode it into the fields for the first time,it stumbled. He fell and broke an arm and a leg. 

Mallam Shehu wakes up from the dream and sends for Mallam Sambo to interpret the dream for him. Mallam Sambo tells him, " The horse represents your future wife and the foal is your son with her. She is the only girl likely to give you a child. However, you will find her already engaged to another man. If you succeed in snatching her from him, she will give you a child but you will suffer a lot and regret having gone against the will of Allah. It is better to accept your fate". However, Mallam Shehu is desperate to have a child, no matter the consequences. 

Mallam Audu's daughter, Zainobe, has been betrothed to Mallam Abu Bakir ever since they were children. Zainobe initially rejects Mallam Shehu's proposal but he later charms both her and her mother with a magic scent prepared by Mallam Sambo. Zainobe dumps Abu Bakir and marries Mallam Shehu against her father's wishes. The bride price rejected by Zainobe's father is offered to Abu as compensation for his investments on Zainobe. Yet, Abu rejects the gifts and money and decides to seek for vengeance. He leaves his mother in the care of his older brother, ignoring their calls to leave vengeance to God. 

A year later, Zainobe bears a son, Kyauta ( "Allah be thanked") for Mallam Shehu. Kyauta grows up to be both handsome and well-mannered. 

Meanwhile, Abu goes from one village to another in his quest for vengeance. He runs into a gang of thieves who ask him whether he can't find another woman to marry and leave him unhurt. Abu finally arrives Birnin Zauna da Shirin Ka (" the land where everyone holds himself in a state of readiness"), a town peopled by lawbreakers who ran away from other towns. It is a bad town where people did not do wrong in secret. Abu is referred to their leader, Tausayinka da Sauki (" the sorrow in your heart is little"). But even Tausayi fears the vengeance of Allah and makes Abu swear that the punishment for the evil Abu insists on doing shall be on his own head. Tausayi now sends him to his father at Kobonka Naka ("your penny is yours"). Tausayi's brother is to show him the way to Kurmin Rukiki (the forest containing the deadly tree whose sap will be used).
 
Tausayi's father persuades Abu in vain against visiting Kurmin Rukiki, telling him that no man he knows has gone there and returned alive. On his way, he runs into some evil men in the forest who take his money and horse and also cut off his left ear. He is tagged a thief at the next town because of his lost ear and jailed for 3 months. After his release, he still heads for Kurmin Rukiki. "Why would I turn back from my quest after suffering so much and almost getting there?", he tells whoever tries to persuade him.

Kurmin Rukiki is dark even at mid-day (because the sun can't penetrate its depths) and completely trackless. Abu loses one of his eyes while wandering about in the forest. A glittering object (the only source of light in the dark forest) eventually turns into an old woman, helps Abu get the sap from the right tree into his gourd, turns into a leopard and chases him out of the forest. 

Abu goes back to Tausayi, who uses the sap and some other ingredients to prepare a mixture. Abu is to rub the mixture on Kyauta's skin while he is asleep, cut off some of his hair, mix the cut hair with the preparation and bury it in a newly-dug grave. Tausayi gives Abu a talisman to make him invisible while doing all these. 

Abu returns to Galma, does as instructed and even wakes up Zainobe to tell her Kyauta shall be a curse to her. Zainobe assumes it is a dream because she can only hear Abu but not see him. Kyauta runs wild the following morning and becomes a disgrace to his parents as a habitual thief. He even serves a prison sentence in Kano before his father captures and handcuffs him. Two days later, he escapes and leaves for Lagos where he meets and joins forces with Dogo in robbery. 

Kyauta's parents leave Galma out of shame for a faraway town where they become rich and famous again. Kyauta and Dogo wander to the town 6 years later and rob the house of Mallam Shehu ( known there as Mallam Usuman from Daraman). Kyauta slaughters his own father before knowing because he doesn't know his parents have left Galma. Zainobe helps Kyauta escape and gets Dogo arrested. Dogo later dies in prison.

Zainobe and Kyauta (who is now free from Abu's spell) return to Galma. When she tells him her "dream" about Abu, Kyauta too decides to revenge. He beheads Abu and runs away for one year, eating wild fruits and sleeping in the rain and in the sun. He returns home prematurely aged and lives with his heart-broken mother for the rest of his days. 

Both Abu and Kyauta live wretched lives from avenging themselves while Mallam Shehu is killed by the son he sought for 35 years.

Sunday, February 03, 2019

"Kurunmi" by Ola Rotimi

This play is about the war between Ìjàyè and Ibadan in 1860.
The Alaafin of Oyo depended on Ibadan and Ìjàyè for defence. The ruler
of Ibadan was named Basorun (or Prime Minister) while the ruler of
Ìjàyè , Kúrúnmi, was named Aare-ona-Kakanfo (or Generalissimo).
In 1858, Alaafin Àtìbà sensed he was about to die and called his
leading chiefs to get them to acknowledge the crown prince Adélù as
his successor. This was contrary to tradition, which required the
crown prince to commit suicide on the Alaafin's death. Ibadan
supported Alaafin Àtìbà's move while Ìjàyè (under Kúrúnmi) opposed it.
This led to a war between Ibadan and Ìjàyè . They camped on either
side of River Ose.
Initially, Ìjàyè had the upper hand especially when its Egba allies
supported it. Things changed when the Ibadan warriors discovered from
their witch-doctor that the Ìjàyè will be destroyed if they cross
River Ose. The Ibadan charmed the Ìjàyè to ensure this. So the Egba
and Ìjàyè warriors ignored Kúrúnmi's warning and crossed River Ose to
capture the "fleeing" Ibadan warriors. Thousands of Egba and Ìjàyè
warriors were killed in the river. Kúrúnmi's 5 sons were killed while
manning Iwawun, a town under Kúrúnmi. Kúrúnmi committed suicide while
the enemy were setting the city wall on fire, to avoid capture.

"The Victims" by Isidore Okpewho

The novel highlights the destructive rivalry in polygamy and its
resultant consequences for everyone involved.

Obanua Ozoma has 2 wives : Nwabunor and Ogugua. He and Ogugua are
both from Ozala while Nwabunor is from Aje (between Ozala and Benin
City). Nwabunor has her first child, a son, Ubaka after 3 years of
marriage. For 9 more years, they can't have another child. Then,
Obanua marries Ogugua (who has had 2 teenage twin daughters with
another man at 17 and is a stubborn daughter to her own parents) as
his second wife . The family lives in Ozala.

Obanua has only 2 rooms : one for himself and the other for Nwabunor.
Nwabunor(determined not to be pushed to the second place) moves into
her husband's room with her only child before Ogugua's arrival. Ogugua
and her daughters occupy the other room. A few months after Ogugua has
moved in, she gives birth to a boy, Bomboy. About a year later,
Nwabunor has a miscarriage. This makes her bitter and suspicious of
Ogugua. Besides, Obanua shows open favouritism to Ogugua.

The struggle for supremacy between Obanua's wives drives him to
drunkenness. They have stopped cooking for him and he , in turn, has
stopped giving them money. He finds the bar woman more understanding
than his wives and makes the bar his second home with his friend
Nwanze, the town-crier. Each wife works hard (Nwabunor as a wares
seller and Ogugua as a tailor) to take care of only herself and her
children. Obanua and Nwabunor fight almost everyday because of his
inability to pay their son's school fees. While Ogugua and her
daughters watch the fights with sadistic delight and refuse to
intervene (even when challenged by outsiders), Bomboy truly
sympathises with Ubaka.

One particular morning, Nwabunor tears Obanua's driver uniform and he
has to wear his personal clothes to work. He beats her before rushing
off to work and she faints later. Ogugua calls in the neighbours and
blames Nwabunor for the fight until the neighbours tell her to shut up
and call Nwosisi, the local "doctor" ( an unskilled attendant at the
local dispensary). When Nwosisi leaves after telling Ogugua to make
pap and àkàrà (bean cakes) for Nwabunor, Ogugua serves her children
food without leaving anything for Ubaka.

Obanua arrives work 2 hours late and meets an angry boss who reminds
him of his earlier offences (losing a uniform earlier in a fight with
Ogugua, delivering people's property in a damaged form,
drunkenness,etc) and gives him the last warning. Still , he heads for
the bar from there. He sleeps off while queueing for the ferry with
his truckload and the ferry officers tell his boss (at Umukoro & Sons
Transport Ltd), who immediately send another driver with another truck
on the mission. He is sacked for this. When Obanua returns home and
meets more troubles at home, he leaves home at night with his
"severance benefits" for the bar.

Meanwhile, Ndidi and Ogo have stolen 2 tins of sardines from the stock
of the sick Nwabunor. After lying in bed for one week after the fight,
Nwabunor sets up her wares and discovers that 2 tins of sardines are
missing. The wives are about to engage in physical combat when their
mother-in-law, Ma Nwojide, walks in and stops them.

Ogugua now has a secret lover, Odafe Gwam ( a widowed politician who
plans to take her away to be his wife). During a vacation, Odafe
engages Ubaka among the 20 schoolboys gathering sand for him (after
laying off 3 adult labourers for being too demanding for his liking).
This is his way of seeking acceptance with the family and
concealing his secret affair with Ogugua. Ubaka welcomes this
opportunity to work for his school fees and stop his parents' fights.
Each boy will get £3 (for fetching 10 buckets daily) at the end of
the vacation. Meanwhile , Ogugua's children continue stealing from
Nwabunor.

Obanua gets a job nobody else wants as a nightwatchman for the nearby
Catholic Mission. The previous nightwatchman has run out on the job
because the rocks and the sand dredged from the nearby river during
the day are carried back into the river at night by mysterious
white-robed figures. However, the job provides Obanua with money and a
safe haven from an unhappy home. The rocks are safe for the first few
nights under Obanua until he falls asleep from drunkenness one night.
He gets another "last warning".

Again, Nwabunor discovers her 15 Shillings gone and gets beaten to
coma by Ogugua for questioning her children. Nwabunor goes to her
ever-demanding soothsayer , who says he doesn't harm people (unlike
his rival, Ese Nwozomudo, a female hunchback). On pay day, both the 20
boys and the 3 adult ex-labourers are disappointed as Odafe has
disappeared to an unknown destination (after seeing a nosedive in his
political fortunes against Enyinabo's) . Ubaka doesn't get the £3 to
pay part of his £5 debt accumulated over the years so he is sent out
of school. Nwabunor sees this as a conspiracy between Odafe and Ogugua
, who actually has no foreknowledge of his flight but is too arrogant
to admit this to Nwabunor. Obanua has been sacked (without any
severance pay this time) for sleeping off and letting the rocks
disappear again.

While Nwabunor and Ogugua are in yet another shouting match , Ma
Nwojide walks in with Ndidi and Ogo who were fighting. Ogo openly
confesses they were fighting over the 3 packs of biscuits they stole
from Nwabunor. Ignoring Ma Nwojide, the wives fight brutally until
Nwabunor slumps heavily to the ground.

After the usual treatment by Nwosisi, Ma Nwojide tells Nwabunor to go
to her hometown the following morning for full recuperation before
deciding whether to come back or not. Angry Nwabunor goes to Ese
Nwozomudo and returns at midnight to poison Ogugua's pot of soup (in
their shared kitchen) before leaving. While she lingers behind to
watch all of them eat the poison, Ubaka walks across to Bomboy (unseen
by their mothers, as Nwabunor is bathing) and accepts a morsel from
him.

Predictably, Ogugua and all her children die at home while Ubaka dies
during the journey. Nwabunor runs mad in her hometown, Aje. Ma Nwojide
visits her son's home, sees the corpses and carries Bomboy's body to
his father at the bar. Obanua becomes momentarily sober but
eventually gets drunk again at the end of the novel.

Sunday, January 20, 2019

How to draw a compound solid containing 2 cones with WPS Office, Polaris Office,etc on your smartphone.

Insert 2 triangles into the WPS Writer or Presentation document and drag them to meet along one of their sides. Screenshot the page to merge them together. Next, insert a circle and flatten it into a thin oval shape. Drag this thin oval shape to cover the intersection of the triangles. Use dotted lines to represent hidden-from-view lengths such as the base radius and the perpendicular heights of the compound solid. Take a screenshot of the page to merge the components into a single inseparable diagram. Use Photo Wonder or similar apps to insert text into the diagram.

Drawing compound shapes with WPS Office : Cone + cylinder.


Insert a triangle and a cylinder into the Office document. Send the triangle to the back of the cylinder after dragging the two shapes to meet along one of their edges. Stretch the triangle to the right size. Use dotted lines to represent hidden-from-view lengths such as the base radius and the perpendicular heights of the compound solid. Take a screenshot of the page to merge the components into a single inseparable diagram. Use Photo Wonder or similar apps to insert text into the diagram.

Thursday, January 17, 2019

"Kurunmi" by Ola Rotimi

This play is about the war between Ìjàyè  and Ibadan in 1860.

The Alaafin of Oyo depended on Ibadan and Ìjàyè  for defence. The ruler of Ibadan was named Basorun (or Prime Minister) while the ruler of Ìjàyè , Kúrúnmi, was named Aare-ona-Kakanfo (or Generalissimo).

In 1858, Alaafin Àtìbà sensed he was about to die and called his leading chiefs to get them to acknowledge the crown prince Adélù as his successor. This was contrary to tradition, which required the crown prince to commit suicide on the Alaafin's death. Ibadan supported Alaafin Àtìbà's move while Ìjàyè  (under Kúrúnmi) opposed it. This led to a war between Ibadan and Ìjàyè . They camped on either side of River Ose.

Initially, Ìjàyè  had the upper hand especially when its Egba allies supported it. Things changed when the Ibadan warriors discovered from their witch-doctor that the Ìjàyè  will be destroyed if they cross River Ose. The Ibadan charmed the Ìjàyè  to ensure this. So the Egba and Ìjàyè  warriors ignored Kúrúnmi's warning and crossed River Ose to capture the "fleeing" Ibadan warriors. Thousands of Egba and Ìjàyè  warriors were killed in the river. Kúrúnmi's 5 sons were killed while manning Iwawun, a town under Kúrúnmi. Kúrúnmi committed suicide while the enemy were setting the city wall on fire, to avoid capture.

"Ozidi" by J. P. Clark (an Ijaw play)

After a sacrifice, the Council of State of the town of Orua hold a meeting. The council members are Ozidi (Senior), Ofe the Short, Azezabife the Skeleton Man, Agbogidi the Nude and Oguaran the Giant. Within 4 years, 6 kings have died mysteriously in the town. The council says it's the turn of Ozidi's family to produce the next king. Ozidi refuses to be king but his idiotic older brother Temugedege wanders in drunk and agrees to be king.

Five days later, the council and the townspeople are yet to salute him or bring him tribute. Ozidi complains but they mock him. Ofe later organises a raid to get the tribute, but with an ulterior motive. Ozidi leaves his young wife of less than a year and goes for the raid but his head is cut off by the other  council members and sent to Temugedege as tribute. Orea almost commits suicide before an old woman stops her and spirits her to Ododama, her mother Oreame's hometown. Orea doesn't know she is pregnant but later gives birth to a son, Ozidi. Oreame is a witch with magical powers.

One day, Ozidi's peers taunt him for having no father. He queries his mother and grandmother. While strolling in the forest one day, Oreame takes on various shapes (hill, leopard,etc) to test Ozidi's courage. He soon becomes brave. She also takes him to Bouakarakarabiri or Tebekawene (the old wizard of the forest) to give him charms. Ozidi gets there before Oreame and Tebekawene tries to kill him for food before Oreame comes to rescue him. The wizard tells Ozidi to pound an eagle, a lizard, a monkey and some other ingredients into a paste. Ozidi is given the paste to eat. Any time he is to fight, the charm will heat up his stomach. He is also made bullet-proof, machete-proof and spear-proof. A 7-pronged sword is made for him by a blacksmith.

Oreame, Orea and Ozidi go back to Orua to avenge Ozidi's father's death. They meet Temugedege alive as a decrepit and unkempt old man. Ewiri tells the council members about Ozidi's return and they get ready for him. One day, Ozidi lies down at a crossroads in the market and pretends to be asleep. The wives of Azezabife, Oguaran and Ofe trip on him, rain insults on him and recall how their husbands killed Ozidi (senior) for his "stubbornness". They think Ozidi (junior) is a stranger. Ozidi then wakes up, seizes their headties and upper wrappers and discloses his identity to them. He wrestles with and kills their husbands later. The other enemies are either maimed or on the run. Still, he is hungry for more fights.

One day, Ewiri tells Ozidi that Tebesonoma of the 7 heads wants to fight with him. However, he has also told Tebesonoma that Ozidi wants to fight with him. With the help of Oreame's magic, Ozidi cuts off all of Tebesonoma's heads. With his last breath, Tebesonoma threatens that his sister has just had a son who will avenge him the way Ozidi avenged his own father. Oreame and her grandson go straightaway to the house of Tebesonoma's sister, a 40-year-old woman who has just had her first child after 23 years of marriage. She sends for her husband, Agonosin, but a mysterious thunderbolt kills him on the way. Oreame and Ozidi kill the sister and her son and vanish.

Ozidi abducts Odogu's wife and tries to sleep with her but she successfully fends him off. Odogu and Ozidi go into a duel. But because Tebekawene has given Odogu the same charm he has given Ozidi to eat, neither can defeat the other for days. Azema (Odogu's mother) and Oreame also can't defeat each other. Tebekawene appears and says that the son of the mother who first gets a certain magic leaf from the forest (and squeezes it into the son's eyes) will win. Oreame gets the leaf first. Ozidi cuts Odogu down but he mows down his own grandmother as well! He has been blinded by the herb squeezed into his eyes.

Engarando,the Smallpox king, and his retinue come from the sea in a barge, dock at the beach of Orua and inflict Ozidi with smallpox. All the people of Orua, except Orea and Ozidi, flee the town. Orea washes her son to scrub the "yaws" on his body. The smallpox king is angry that Orea thought her son's sickness was ordinary yaws. Therefore, he and his retinue push off their barge into the sea and vow never to return to Orua.

How to draw a cone with WPS Office on your smartphone


Insert a triangle into the WPS Writer or Presentation document. Next, insert a circle and flatten it into a thin oval shape. Drag this thin oval shape to cover the base of the triangle. Use dotted lines to represent hidden-from-view lengths such as the base radius and the perpendicular height of the cone. Take a screenshot of the page to merge the components into a single inseparable diagram. Use Photo Wonder or similar apps to insert text into the diagram.

Tuesday, January 15, 2019

"Ozidi" by J. P. Clark (an Ijaw play)

After a sacrifice, the Council of State of the town of Orua hold a meeting. The council members are Ozidi (Senior), Ofe the Short, Azezabife the Skeleton Man, Agbogidi the Nude and Oguaran the Giant. Within 4 years, 6 kings have died mysteriously in the town. The council says it's the turn of Ozidi's family to produce the next king. Ozidi refuses to be king but his idiotic older brother Temugedege wanders in drunk and agrees to be king.

Five days later, the council and the townspeople are yet to salute him or bring him tribute. Ozidi complains but they mock him. Ofe later organises a raid to get the tribute, but with an ulterior motive. Ozidi leaves his young wife of less than a year and goes for the raid but his head is cut off by the other  council members and sent to Temugedege as tribute. Orea almost commits suicide before an old woman stops her and spirits her to Ododama, Oreame's hometown. Orea doesn't know she is pregnant but later gives birth to a son, Ozidi. Oreame is a witch with magical powers.

One day, Ozidi's peers taunt him for having no father. He queries his mother and grandmother. While strolling in the forest one day, Oreame takes on various shapes (hill, leopard,etc) to test Ozidi's courage. He soon becomes brave. She also takes him to Bouakarakarabiri or Tebekawene (the old wizard of the forest) to give him charms. Ozidi gets there before Oreame and Tebekawene tries to kill him for food before Oreame comes to rescue him. The wizard tells Ozidi to pound an eagle, a lizard, a monkey and some other ingredients into a paste. Ozidi is given the paste to eat. Any time he is to fight, the charm will heat up his stomach. He is also made bullet-proof, machete-proof and spear-proof. A 7-pronged sword is made for him by a blacksmith.

Oreame, Orea and Ozidi go back to Orua to avenge Ozidi's father's death. They meet Temugedege alive as a decrepit and unkempt old man. Ewiri tells the council members about Ozidi's return and they get ready for him. One day, Ozidi lies down at a crossroads in the market and pretends to be asleep. The wives of Azezabife, Oguaran and Ofe trip on him, rain insults on him and recall how their husbands killed Ozidi (senior) for his "stubbornness". They think Ozidi (junior) is a stranger. Ozidi then wakes up, seizes their headties and upper wrappers and discloses his identity to them. He wrestles with and kills their husbands later. The other enemies are either maimed or on the run. Still, he is hungry for more fights.

One day, Ewiri tells Ozidi that Tebesonoma of the 7 heads wants to fight with him. However, he has also told Tebesonoma that Ozidi wants to fight with him. With the help of Oreame's magic, Ozidi cuts off all of Tebesonoma's heads. With his last breath, Tebesonoma threatens that his sister has just had a son who will avenge him the way Ozidi avenged his own father. Oreame and her grandson go straightaway to the house of Tebesonoma's sister, a 40-year-old woman who has just had her first child after 23 years of marriage. She sends for her husband, Agonosin, but a mysterious thunderbolt kills him on the way. Oreame and Ozidi kill the sister and her son and vanish.

Ozidi abducts Odogu's wife and tries to sleep with her but she successfully fends him off. Odogu and Ozidi go into a duel. But because Tebekawene has given Odogu the same charm he has given Ozidi to eat, neither can defeat the other for days. Azema (Odogu's mother) and Oreame also can't defeat each other. Tebekawene appears and says that the son of the mother who first gets a certain magic leaf from the forest (and squeezes it into the son's eyes) will win. Oreame gets the leaf first. Ozidi cuts Odogu down but he mows down his own grandmother as well! He has been blinded by the herb squeezed into his eyes.

Engarando,the Smallpox king, and his retinue come from the sea in a barge, dock at the beach of Orua and inflict Ozidi with smallpox. All the people of Orua, except Orea and Ozidi, flee the town. Orea washes her son to scrub the "yaws" on his body. The smallpox king is angry that Orea thought her son's sickness was ordinary yaws. Therefore, he and his retinue push off their barge into the sea and vow never to return to Orua.

Sunday, January 13, 2019

"Across the gap" by Uzo M. Igbozurike.

Luke Kita is a short and fat 20-year-old young man. His parents, Obed
and Elizabeth Kita, have 6 daughters and one son. The girls are Anne,
Rosaline, Grace, Cecilia, Terri and Josephine. Luke does little work
around the house and his father complains. This gives him sleepless
nights.

Obed says all of Luke's agemates are married so Luke tells him of his
love for Lovette Agada, a city girl. Obed hates all city girls but
Luke's mother and sisters support Luke. Obed says Luke can't marry a
city girl as long as he lives in the house.

Luke goes to the city and lives with Lovette's family. Mr Agada
doesn't collect rent from him and eventually gives him Lovette without
requesting a bride price. Luke passes his exams and gets a well-paying
job as a clerk in the city.

Two years later, Luke returns to the village with Lovette.
Surprisingly, Obed has mellowed and gives no opposition. Maybe the
thought that city girls would demand higher bride prices than rural
girls was responsible for his earlier opposition. Now that Lovette has
cost him no kobo, he is happy. Luke and Lovette plan to build a new
building from their savings in the city. Through the couple, Obed's
two dreams (a grandchild and a story building in the village) will be
realised.

"Chaka the Zulu" by Thomas Mofolo.

This novel is about the dangers of unchecked ambition and is based in
the land of the Kaffirs in the eastern part of South Africa.

There are several tribes in Kaffirland : the Swazi, the Undwana, the
Abatetwa and the Ifenilenja. The Abatetwa is ruled by Jobe and later
by his son Dingiswayo. Chief Senzangakona rules the Ifenilenja, a weak
tribe which came under Jobe. Zwide rules the Undwana.

Senzangakona "has 3 or 4 wives" but they have only daughters. He falls
in love with Nandi but gets her pregnant before marriage , against the
rules of the land. Nandi bears Chaka, who is Senzangakona's first son
and real heir. Then the other wives start bearing sons : Mfokazana,
then Dingana and then Mhlangana. The other wives say Mfokazana should
be the heir, not Chaka who was conceived outside wedlock. Other boys
also beat up Chaka when they are driving cattle together. Because of
this, Nandi takes him to her witch-doctor for protection and he
becomes a brave fighter. Before the witch-doctor dies, she hands over
Chaka's case to Isanusi (i.e." the one who sees the future"), the
doctor who taught her.

One day, Chaka saves Mfokazana's girlfriend from a hyena and kills the
animal. Mfokazana and other young men are jealous of Chaka's fame and
try to kill him. He flees to the bush and meets Isanusi, who doctors
him. Afterwards, Isanusi tells Chaka, "You must continue killing with
this spear or the medicine in your blood will kill you. When you get
tired of killing, tell me so that I can dull the power of the
medicines."

Chaka later goes to Dingiswayo, who rules Abatetwa. Chaka wins wars
for Dingiswayo against Zwide's country. Dingiswayo, in turn, defends
him against enemies. Later on, Isanusi sends Ndlebe as a spy and
Malunga as a warrior to live with Chaka. When Chaka's father dies,
Mfokazana becomes the chief of the Ifenilenja but Chaka fights and
kills him. Chaka and Noliwe (Dingiswayo's sister) fall in love and
Dingiswayo approves of their planned marriage. When Dingiswayo is
captured by Zwide's army, Ndlebe deliberately misleads Chaka into
thinking that Dingiswayo is dead already. Therefore, Chaka mourns
instead of going to rescue Dingiswayo. Dingiswayo is later beheaded by
Zwide's people.

Chaka replaces Dingiswayo as the king of the Abatetwa. He chooses a
new tribe name for his people - "Zulu, Amazulu" (Heaven & People of
Heaven). When Chaka wants to marry Noliwe, Isanusi tells him to kill
her instead and bring her blood for sacrifice in order to gain the
chieftaincy of the whole of Kaffirland. Chaka kills her with a needle
while hugging her.

After Noliwe's death, Chaka becomes even more callous. He forces young
men into his army and warriors who lose their weapons in war or run
away are killed for "cowardice". None of his warriors must get married
so the Zulu spinsters have nobody to marry them. All that change when
Chaka makes Umziligazi the head of all his commanders. Umziligazi
rebels and flees with his men to settle elsewhere. They also take
young women with them for marriage. Umziligazi's deputy, Manukuza,
sent to capture him also follows his example.

Chaka has children with several women but has them killed at birth by
Ndlebe. Nandi is eager to have a grandchild so she hides one of
Chaka's pregnant women until she gives birth. The woman leaves the
baby behind and returns to Chaka. Chaka discovers the truth when he
visits his mother one day because the child dies when Chaka's shadow
falls on him. He kills his mother in anger. He kills many Zulus for
not crying enough over his mother's death. He also kills all the women
of Nandi's age and all the tribe of Umziligazi. All the corpses are
placed in the valley of Udonga-luka-Tatiyana.

Chaka gets the chieftaincy of Kaffirland but he is still thirsty for
blood. He organises feasts and kills people for singing badly, not
singing (because of fear of being killed for singing badly) and crying
for joy.

Chaka starts having nightmares featuring all his atrocities and in
which he sees Isanusi gloating over his downfall. He leaves home for
the veld but the nightmares continue. He grows jealous of his men who
slept soundly when he couldn't and kills some of them. He sends for
his halfbrothers, Dingana and Mhlangana, hoping to find comfort when
he sees them but they kill him for his chieftaincy.

Friday, January 11, 2019

"A heart's bitterness" by Bertha M. Clay

Violet Ainslie's  mother has died young so she is raised up by her grandmother. She is brought up to regard most men as fortune hunters who are only after her wealth. At 16, she meets and falls in love with Kenneth Keith but they lose contact. Kenneth writes her letters until her grandmum forbids him to and tells him that Violet has forgotten him. Violet and Kenneth each feel abandoned by the other.

Lord Norman Leigh is also wealthy. He is the son of an earl of Leigh. He has dated women like Lady Clare Montressor (Violet's older cousin), Edna Ambrose and Helen Hope. He loves Edna most but her father tells her to put Norman on a year's probation before marriage. Within the one year, Norman gets into debt through gambling and has to marry a heiress whose money will pay his debts. So he marries Violet, though his heart remains with Edna. He doesn't really love Helen. He just plays with her heart to gain access to her pupil, Edna.

Lady Burton (Kenneth's mother and a bridesmaid at Violet's mother's wedding) warns Violet to wait for a year or two before marrying Leigh. She doesn't know of the Kenneth/Violet love affair but secretly wishes they would marry.

Violet marries Leigh but faints an hour after the wedding vows. This is because she overhears his friends talking about his love for Miss Ambrose and how he has married Violet for her 2 million pounds. She is revived and later moves to her new home. Later on, she meets a strange woman (Helen Hope!) in a museum who offers to teach her embroidery. Leigh, who recognises her, tells Violet to send her away, without giving reasons. Helen later tells Leigh, "You shall marry me or die!" She is very desperate, unlike Miss Ambrose who tells Leigh to leave her (Ambrose)  alone and be faithful to his wife.

Clare Montressor marries Colonel Arlington, Leigh's older cousin who may get the earldom if Leigh has no son. Violet worries herself too much about Edna (whom she hasn't met), so she takes up her uncle's name and becomes Miss Haviland. Edna Haviland becomes Violet's best friend and confidant. Violet doesn't know her as Miss Ambrose.

Helen tells Violet about Miss Haviland's real identity and tells her to leave home for a year so that her husband will miss her. Violet foolishly agrees and becomes a lodger of Dame Magery Rogers, the twin sister of Adam Moreland (Leigh's valet). She later returns home and gives birth to a son, Rupert. 

Helen Hope has an accomplice in Bart Kemp, the stepson of Leigh's mother in her first marriage. They say, " Leigh's mother married his father before her first husband died. So, Leigh is a product of bigamy, an illegitimate child, and should leave the earldom to Hartington". It is later discovered that Leigh's mother remarried as a widow and that Kemp's evidence papers are forgeries. Kemp, Helen and the grave-digger of Leigh's father are arrested but Violet convinces Leigh not to prosecute them.

Kemp wants to marry Helen but she still wants Leigh. On her wedding day, she lures Leigh to meet her near the Black Pool with a forged letter bearing Edna's name. She jumps into the pool and drags Leigh in with her.

Violet thus becomes a widow after only 2 years of marriage. Edna marries Lord Alwood, whom Leigh has tried in vain to persuade to leave her with false stories. Violet marries Kenneth and becomes Mrs Keith while 6-year-old Rupert becomes a peer.

Sunday, January 06, 2019

"Oju ri" by Kola Oni

Ògúngbèmí has 8 children and is poor. He loses his arm in a paper machine accident at work. His rich friend Iná-ń-jó wants to introduce him to money rituals. Agbọ́tikúyọ̀, the herbalist, asks him to come for the rituals within 15 days or he will die.

Bakare is Ògúngbèmí's friend. (Ògún-àjọbọ, another of Ògúngbèmí's friends,etc is caught in robbery and killed by a mob). Bakare's vehicle has killed an old woman, Ìyá Àlàkẹ́, who crossed the road without looking. He has had to flee.

Ògúngbèmí's first son, Ogunlabi, impregnates Bose (a fellow student) and they bear Kọ́nkọ́ọ̀dù. The couple live by fraud.

Ògúngbèmí lures Bakare to Agbọ́tikúyọ̀ with the promise that they will both become rich. However, only one of them will be rich while the other will run mad. When Ògúngbèmí gets home, he laughs wildly and runs out naked. Ogunlabi poisons his mad father to remove the family stigma but he survives.

Kọ́nkọ́ọ̀dù gains admission to OAU, Ife to study Law. He is named Dele by his fellow students. He is unable to get a job after graduation.

Bakare and Ruth take Ògúngbèmí to Baba Fadipe, who cures him. But Bakare's wealth will then dwindle.

Ogunlabi ends up in court for robbery but Kọ́nkọ́ọ̀dù defends him well in court. Kọ́nkọ́ọ̀dù becomes a famous lawyer, gets rich and marries Kemi. However, Ogunlabi is sent to the gallows and Bose runs away. Bakare loses all his money in the Ìyá Àlàkẹ́ murder case. However, Ògúngbèmí accepts Bakare and his family into the house given him by his grandson, Kọ́nkọ́ọ̀dù.

"Beyond Pardon" by Bertha M. Clay

This novel is about Lionel Ryder, Eleanor Ryder and Countess Vivian of Lynn.

Lionel is Eleanor's husband. After their wedding, he goes on a journey
and falls in love with Vivian, Countess of Lynn. Vivian has been
forced to marry an old count who has been unable to impregnate her for
years. Vivian continues the affair until she learns Lionel has a wife
and kids. Shocked, she leaves him, joins a convent and becomes Sister
Marie.

Lionel is yet to return home and his son is very ill. Eleanor asks the
nearby convent for help and the convent sends "Sister Marie". Eleanor
tells Sister Marie about her husband's desertion of her for "one
Countess Vivian of Lynn". Eleanor says Vivian's sin is "beyond
pardon", even if she repents. Lionel then comes back. Sister Marie
feels guilty, leaves their home and goes to China. There she is shot
dead while trying to save baby girls thrown into rivers.